Briathra Phrasal Béarla: 156 de na cinn is coitianta, le bríonna agus samplaí

Is éard is briathar phrasal ann ná briathar móide focal beag ar nós up, out nó off a chruthaíonn brí nua le chéile: ciallaíonn give up “éirí as”, agus ciallaíonn look after “aire a thabhairt do”. Thíos tá 156 de na briathra phrasal is coitianta sa Bhéarla, grúpáilte de réir an bhriathair, le bríonna simplí agus abairtí samplacha.

Do go leor foghlaimeoirí, is iad na briathra phrasal an chuid is mearbhallaí den Bhéarla: tá a fhios agat cad is brí le “put” agus “up”, ach fós ní thuigeann tú “put up with”. An dea-scéal ná nach gá duit iad go léir a fhoghlaim. Teastaíonn na cinn choitianta uait, in abairtí fíora, agus iad a athbhreithniú sách minic go bhfanfaidh siad leat.

Cad is briathar phrasal ann?

Is éard is briathar phrasal ann (phrasal verb as Béarla) ná briathar in éineacht le mír amháin nó dhá mhír, dobhriathra nó réamhfhocail de ghnáth, mar shampla up, down, in, out, on, off, away, back nó over. Oibríonn an meascán mar aonad amháin céille, agus is minic nach féidir an bhrí sin a thomhas ó na codanna.

Cuir i gcomparáid:

• run: bogadh go tapa de chois, rith.
• run into someone: bualadh le duine de thaisme.
• run out of something: gan aon chuid de rud fágtha agat.

Baineann briathra phrasal le Béarla neamhfhoirmiúil, laethúil. I gcruinniú, b'fhéidir go ndéanfá cinneadh a “postpone”, ach le do chairde déarfá “put it off”.

Cén fáth ar fiú briathra phrasal a fhoghlaim?

Mar tá siad i ngach áit i gcomhráite fíora, i scannáin agus in amhráin, agus déanann grúpa beag acu an chuid is mó den obair.

I staidéar in 2007 ar an British National Corpus, d'aimsigh Dee Gardner agus Mark Davies 518,923 cás de bhriathra phrasal. Ní raibh ach 20 briathar in éineacht le 8 mír freagrach as níos mó ná a leath díobh. Sin é an fáth a bhfuil an liosta thíos eagraithe de réir an bhriathair: foghlaim conas a cheanglaíonn get, go, come, take, put agus cúpla ceann eile lena míreanna, agus tuigfidh tú an chuid is mó de na briathra phrasal a chasfar ort.

Tá níos mó ná brí amháin ag go leor briathra phrasal, ach ní theastaíonn siad go léir uait ag an am céanna. Ina PHaVE List de na 150 briathar phrasal is minice, fuair Mélodie Garnier agus Norbert Schmitt (2015) amach go gclúdaíonn líon beag príomhbhríonna níos mó ná 75% den úsáid iarbhír a bhaineann le gach ceann acu. Mar sin, tosaigh leis na príomhbhríonna, cosúil leis na cinn thíos, agus cuir na cinn neamhchoitianta leo níos déanaí.

Cad is brí de ghnáth leis na míreanna?

Ní go randamach a roghnaítear na míreanna. Nuair a bhíonn a ngnáthbhríonna ar eolas agat, bíonn sé níos éasca go leor briathra phrasal nua a thomhas:

• up: críochnú nó méadú (eat up, fill up, speed up).
• down: laghdú nó stopadh (slow down, calm down, shut down).
• out: baint amach, deireadh nó fionnachtain (throw out, run out, find out).
• off: scaradh, imeacht nó cealú (take off, set off, call off).
• on: leanúint ar aghaidh nó tosú (carry on, go on, turn on).
• back: filleadh (come back, call back, pay back).
• over: athdhéanamh nó athbhreithniú (think over, go over, do over).
• away: imeacht nó rud a chur ar shiúl (go away, give away, throw away).

Inscartha nó do-scartha: cá dtéann an cuspóir?

Le briathra phrasal áirithe, is féidir an cuspóir a chur idir an briathar agus an mhír: “turn off the light” nó “turn the light off”. Tugtar briathra inscartha orthu seo. Más forainm é an cuspóir, caithfidh sé dul sa lár: “turn it off”, riamh “turn off it”.

Tá briathra phrasal eile do-scartha: tagann an cuspóir i gcónaí i ndiaidh na míre, mar atá in “look after the kids” nó “get over a cold”.

Sa liosta thíos, taispeánann something nó someone cá dtéann an cuspóir. Má tá sé sa lár (put something off), is briathar inscartha é. Má tá sé ag an deireadh (look after someone), coinnigh an briathar agus an mhír le chéile.

Briathra phrasal coitianta sa Bhéarla le bríonna agus samplaí

Briathra phrasal le get

• get up: éirí as an leaba tar éis codlata. I get up at seven on weekdays.
• get on: dul ar bhus, ar thraein nó ar eitleán. We got on the train just before the doors closed.
• get off: teacht den bhus, den traein nó den eitleán. Get off at the second stop after the bridge.
• get along with someone: caidreamh cairdiúil a bheith agat le duine, réiteach le duine. I get along with my new neighbors really well.
• get over something: teacht chugat féin tar éis tinnis nó díomá. It took her months to get over the breakup.
• get back: filleadh. When did you get back from your trip?
• get by: teacht i dtír ar bheagán airgid nó eolais. My Spanish is basic, but I can get by in shops.
• get away with something: rud mícheart a dhéanamh gan pionós a fháil. He cheated on the test and got away with it.
• get out of something: éalú ó dhualgas. She tried to get out of washing the dishes.
• get through something: rud deacair a chríochnú nó teacht slán as. Coffee helps me get through Monday mornings.
• get together: teacht le chéile go sóisialta. Let's get together for lunch next week.
• get around to something: am a fháil faoi dheireadh le rud a dhéanamh. I never got around to reading that book.

Briathra phrasal le go

• go on: leanúint ar aghaidh, nó tarlú. Go on, I'm listening. What's going on here?
• go out: dul amach ag spraoi, nó dul as (tine, solas). We went out for pizza. The candle went out.
• go back: filleadh ar áit. I'd love to go back to Lisbon one day.
• go up: ardú, méadú. Rent has gone up again this year.
• go down: titim, laghdú. Prices usually go down after the holidays.
• go over something: athbhreithniú nó seiceáil go cúramach. Let's go over the plan one more time.
• go through something: rud deacair a fhulaingt, nó rud a scrúdú. She went through a hard time last year.
• go ahead: tosú nó leanúint ar aghaidh, le cead go minic. Can I ask a question? Sure, go ahead.
• go off: pléascadh, bualadh go tobann (aláram), nó dul in olcas (bia). My alarm went off at six. The milk has gone off.
• go with something: oiriúint do rud, teacht le rud. Does this tie go with my shirt?
• go without something: déanamh gan rud a theastaíonn uait nó a bhfuil gá agat leis. We went without internet for a week.

Briathra phrasal le come

• come back: teacht ar ais. Come back soon!
• come up: a bheith luaite, nó tarlú gan choinne. Your name came up in the meeting. Something came up, so I'll be late.
• come up with something: teacht ar smaoineamh nó ar phlean. She came up with a great name for the café.
• come across something: teacht ar rud de thaisme. I came across an old photo of my grandparents.
• come on: deifir a chur ar dhuine nó misneach a thabhairt dó: “ar aghaidh leat”. Come on, we'll miss the bus!
• come in: teacht isteach. Please come in and sit down.
• come out: a bheith foilsithe nó eisithe, nó teacht chun solais. Her new album comes out on Friday.
• come over: cuairt a thabhairt ar theach duine. Why don't you come over for dinner tonight?
• come down with something: tinneas a tholgadh. I think I'm coming down with a cold.
• come along: dul in éineacht le duine áit éigin. We're going to the market. Do you want to come along?

Briathra phrasal le take

• take off: éirí den talamh (eitleán), nó rath a bheith ar rud go tapa. The plane took off on time. Her business really took off.
• take something off: éadaí a bhaint díot. Please take your shoes off at the door.
• take something on: obair nó freagracht a ghlacadh ort féin. I can't take on any more projects this month.
• take up something: caitheamh aimsire a thosú, nó spás nó am a thógáil. He took up yoga last spring. This sofa takes up half the room.
• take over something: smacht a ghlacadh ar rud. A bigger company took over the startup.
• take someone out: duine a thabhairt amach agus íoc as béile nó turas. I took my mom out for her birthday.
• take something back: rud a thabhairt ar ais chuig siopa, nó rud a dúirt tú a tharraingt siar. I took the jacket back because it was too small.
• take after someone: a bheith cosúil le ball níos sine den teaghlach i do chuma nó i d'iompar. My son takes after his grandfather. They both love fishing.
• take something in: rud a thuiscint agus a choinneáil i gcuimhne. There was too much information to take in at once.
• take something apart: rud a bhaint as a chéile. He took the old clock apart to see how it worked.

Briathra phrasal le put

• put something on: rud a chur ort (éadaí), nó rud a chur ar siúl. Put a coat on, it's cold. Can you put some music on?
• put something off: rud a chur ar athló. Don't put off your homework until Sunday night.
• put up with something: cur suas le rud míthaitneamhach. I can't put up with this noise any longer.
• put something out: tine nó toitín a mhúchadh. The firefighters put out the fire in ten minutes.
• put something away: rud a chur i dtaisce, ina áit féin. Put your toys away before dinner.
• put something down: rud a leagan ar dhromchla, nó rud a scríobh. Put the box down here. Put your name down on the list.
• put something together: rud a chur le chéile, a chóimeáil. It took us two hours to put the bookshelf together.
• put someone up: lóistín a thabhairt do dhuine i do theach. My cousin put me up for a week in Rome.
• put something back: rud a chur ar ais san áit a raibh sé. Please put the book back on the shelf.
• put someone through: duine a cheangal ar an bhfón le duine eile. Hold on, I'll put you through to the manager.

Briathra phrasal le look

• look after someone: aire a thabhairt do dhuine. My sister looks after our dog when we travel.
• look for something: cuardach a dhéanamh ar rud. I'm looking for my keys. Have you seen them?
• look something up: eolas a lorg, rud a chuardach i bhfoclóir. If you don't know a word, look it up in the dictionary.
• look forward to something: a bheith ag súil go mór le rud. I'm looking forward to the summer holidays.
• look into something: rud a fhiosrú. The company promised to look into my complaint.
• look out: a bheith cúramach, faire amach. Look out! There's a car coming.
• look something over: súil thapa a chaitheamh ar rud. Can you look over my essay before I send it?
• look up to someone: meas mór a bheith agat ar dhuine, a bheith ag breathnú suas air. Many young players look up to her.
• look down on someone: drochmheas a bheith agat ar dhuine, a cheapadh go bhfuil tú níos fearr ná é. He looks down on people who don't speak English well.
• look around: siúl timpeall áite agus í a fheiceáil. We have an hour to look around the old town.

Briathra phrasal le give

• give up: éirí as iarracht, géilleadh. Don't give up, you're almost there.
• give something up: éirí as nós. My dad gave up smoking ten years ago.
• give in: géilleadh faoi dheireadh tar éis diúltú. The kids kept asking, and I finally gave in.
• give something away: rud a thabhairt saor in aisce, nó rún a sceitheadh. They're giving away free samples. Don't give away the ending!
• give something back: rud a thabhairt ar ais. Give me back my phone, please.
• give something out: rud a roinnt ar go leor daoine. The teacher gave out the exam papers.
• give off something: boladh, teas nó solas a scaoileadh. These flowers give off a lovely smell in the evening.

Briathra phrasal le turn

• turn something on: inneall nó solas a chur ar siúl. Turn on the lights, it's getting dark.
• turn something off: inneall nó solas a mhúchadh. Don't forget to turn off the oven.
• turn something up: an fhuaim nó an teas a ardú. Can you turn up the radio? I love this song.
• turn something down: an fhuaim a ísliú, nó tairiscint a dhiúltú. Please turn the TV down. She turned down the job offer.
• turn into something: athrú ina rud eile. The small café turned into a popular restaurant.
• turn out: toradh áirithe a bheith ar rud. The party turned out better than we expected.
• turn around: casadh timpeall. Turn around and look at the view!
• turn up: teacht, go minic gan choinne. Only five people turned up for the meeting.

Briathra phrasal le make

• make something up: scéal nó leithscéal a chumadh. He made up an excuse for being late.
• make up: réiteach le chéile arís tar éis achrainn. They argued, but they made up the next day.
• make up for something: cúiteamh a dhéanamh as rud. I bought her flowers to make up for forgetting her birthday.
• make something out: rud a fheiceáil, a chloisteáil nó a thuiscint go deacair. I couldn't make out what he was saying.

Briathra phrasal le set

• set something up: rud a bhunú nó a shocrú. She set up her own language school last year.
• set off: imeacht ar thuras. We set off early to avoid the traffic.
• set out to do something: tabhairt faoi rud le haidhm shoiléir. I set out to learn 1,000 words in three months.
• set someone back: moill a chur ar dhul chun cinn, nó costas a chur ar dhuine. The injury set him back two months.

Briathra phrasal le bring

• bring someone up: leanbh a thógáil. She was brought up by her grandparents.
• bring something up: ábhar a tharraingt anuas i gcomhrá. Don't bring up politics at dinner.
• bring something back: rud a thabhairt ar ais, nó rud a mheabhrú. This song brings back so many memories.
• bring about something: a bheith ina chúis le rud, rud a chur i gcrích. The internet brought about huge changes in how we learn.
• bring something in: riail nó córas nua a thabhairt isteach. The city brought in a new parking rule.
• bring someone down: duine a chur in ísle brí. Rainy weather always brings me down.
• bring something along: rud a thabhairt leat. Bring along a jacket, it may get cold.

Briathra phrasal le break

• break down: cliseadh (inneall), nó smacht a chailleadh ar do mhothúcháin. Our car broke down on the way to the airport.
• break up: scaradh ó chéile, deireadh a chur le caidreamh. They broke up after five years together.
• break into something: briseadh isteach in áit. Someone broke into the office last night.
• break out: tosú go tobann (cogadh, tine), nó éalú. A fire broke out in the kitchen.
• break in: cur isteach ar chomhrá, nó briseadh isteach i bhfoirgneamh. Sorry to break in, but we need to leave now.
• break something off: deireadh a chur le rud go tobann. She broke off the conversation and left.

Briathra phrasal le run

• run into someone: bualadh le duine de thaisme. I ran into my old teacher at the supermarket.
• run out of something: gan aon chuid de rud fágtha agat. We've run out of milk.
• run away: éalú ó áit faoi rún. The dog ran away when the door was open.
• run over someone: duine a leagan le feithicil. Be careful, a car almost ran over my cat.
• run something by someone: smaoineamh a insint do dhuine chun a thuairim a fháil. Can I run an idea by you?

Briathra phrasal le pick, find, figure agus work

• pick something up: rud a thógáil, duine a bhailiú, nó rud a fhoghlaim gan stró. Can you pick me up at six? She picked up Italian while living in Rome.
• pick something out: rud a roghnú. Help me pick out a gift for my brother.
• pick on someone: cur isteach ar dhuine go gránna arís agus arís eile. Stop picking on your little sister.
• find something out: eolas a fháil amach. I need to find out when the store opens.
• figure something out: rud a thuiscint nó a réiteach. I can't figure out how this app works.
• work out: aclaíocht a dhéanamh, nó críochnú go maith. I work out three times a week. Don't worry, it will all work out.
• work something out: rud a ríomh nó a réiteach. We need to work out the total cost of the trip.
• work on something: am a chaitheamh ag feabhsú ruda. I'm working on my pronunciation.

Briathra phrasal le call agus hang

• call something off: rud a chur ar ceal. They called off the match because of the rain.
• call someone back: glao a chur ar ais ar dhuine. I'm busy now. Can I call you back?
• call on someone: iarraidh ar dhuine labhairt, nó cuairt ghearr a thabhairt. The teacher called on me to answer.
• hang up: an fón a chur síos, deireadh a chur le glao. She was so angry that she hung up on me.
• hang out: am saor a chaitheamh ag ligean do scíth. We usually hang out at the park after school.
• hang on: fanacht ar feadh tamaillín. Hang on, I'll be ready in a minute.

Briathra phrasal laethúla eile

• blow up: pléascadh, nó éirí feargach go tobann. The old building was blown up to make space for a park.
• calm down: socrú síos, ciúnú. Calm down and tell me what happened.
• carry on: leanúint ar aghaidh. Sorry for interrupting, please carry on.
• catch up with someone: breith ar dhuine atá romhat, nó comhrá a dhéanamh tar éis tamall fada. Let's meet for coffee and catch up.
• check in: clárú in óstán nó in aerfort. We checked in at the hotel at 3 p.m.
• check out: íoc agus óstán a fhágáil. We have to check out by noon.
• cheer someone up: duine a chur i ndea-ghiúmar. A phone call from my friend cheered me up.
• count on someone: brath ar dhuine. You can always count on me.
• cut down on something: méid ruda a laghdú. I'm trying to cut down on sugar.
• do someone in: tuirse an domhain a chur ar dhuine (neamhfhoirmiúil). That long hike really did me in.
• do something over: rud a dhéanamh arís ón tús. The photo was blurry, so we had to do it over.
• do without something: déanamh gan rud. I can't do without my morning coffee.
• drop by: bualadh isteach ar cuairt ghearr gan phleanáil. Drop by any time you're in the area.
• drop someone off: duine a thabhairt áit éigin sa charr agus é a fhágáil ann. I'll drop you off at the station.
• end up: teacht i ndeireadh na dála ar áit nó ar staid. We got lost and ended up in a tiny village.
• enter into something: comhaontú nó plé a thosú go foirmiúil. The two companies entered into a partnership.
• fall apart: titim as a chéile, nó stopadh ag obair go maith. My old shoes are falling apart.
• fall behind: titim ar gcúl. I fell behind with my lessons when I was sick.
• fill something in / fill something out: foirm a líonadh. Please fill out this form and sign at the bottom.
• grow up: fás aníos, a bheith i do dhuine fásta. I grew up in a small town by the sea.
• hold on: fanacht, nó greim daingean a choinneáil. Hold on, let me check my calendar.
• keep up with someone: coinneáil suas le duine, ag bogadh nó ag foghlaim ag an luas céanna. It's hard to keep up with native speakers when they talk fast.
• let someone down: díomá a chur ar dhuine. I promised to help, and I won't let you down.
• log in: logáil isteach i suíomh nó in aip le do chuntas. Log in to see your saved words.
• move on: tosú ar rud nua, nó stop a chur le smaoineamh ar an am atá thart. It's time to move on to the next topic.
• pass away: bás a fháil (go béasach), imeacht ar shlí na fírinne. Her grandfather passed away last year.
• pay someone back: airgead atá dlite a íoc ar ais. I'll pay you back on Friday.
• point something out: aird a tharraingt ar rud. She pointed out a mistake in my email.
• show off: iarracht a dhéanamh daoine eile a chur faoi dhraíocht, gaisce a dhéanamh. He's always showing off his new car.
• show up: teacht, nochtadh. He showed up an hour late.
• sort something out: rud a eagrú nó a réiteach. We need to sort out the problem with the booking.
• stand for something: seasamh do rud, nó a bheith mar ghiorrúchán ar rud. What does "ASAP" stand for?
• stand out: a bheith feiceálach, seasamh amach. Her bright red coat stood out in the crowd.
• stand up for someone: seasamh an fhóid ar son duine, tacú leis. Always stand up for what you believe in.
• throw something away: rud a chaitheamh sa bhruscar. Don't throw away the receipt.
• try something on: éadaí a thriail ort le feiceáil an oireann siad duit. Can I try on these jeans?
• wake up: dúiseacht. I woke up at five because of the storm.
• write something down: rud a scríobh ar pháipéar, a bhreacadh síos. Write down the new words you hear.

Conas briathra phrasal a fhoghlaim ionas go bhfanfaidh siad i do cheann?

Oiriúnach do: an liosta seo a iompú ina fhocail a úsáidfidh tú i ndáiríre.

1. Foghlaim cúpla ceann ag an am. Roghnaigh cúig nó deich mbriathar phrasal leis an mbriathar céanna, mar shampla get nó put, agus foghlaim le chéile iad.
2. Foghlaim in abairt iad i gcónaí. Is furasta dearmad a dhéanamh ar bhriathar phrasal leis féin. In abairt, feiceann tú a bhrí agus cá dtéann an cuspóir. Tá abairtí iomlána a fhoghlaim ar cheann de na bealaí is fearr le do stór focal a fheabhsú freisin.
3. Tabhair aird ar an mír. Fiafraigh díot féin cad a chuireann an mhír leis. Ciallaíonn “up” in “eat up” agus “fill up” críochnú; déanann sé sin an chéad bhriathar eile le “up” níos éasca.
4. Éist agus athdhéan. Abair na habairtí samplacha os ard, agus éist leo agus tú ag taisteal.
5. Athbhreithnigh le hathdhéanamh spásáilte. Is furasta briathra phrasal a mheascadh suas, mar sin athbhreithnigh iad díreach sula ndéanann tú dearmad orthu, ag eatraimh atá ag fás. Taispeánann ár dtreoir ar sceideal athdhéanta spásáilte conas é a dhéanamh.
6. Úsáid i gcomhrá iad. Déan iarracht dhá nó trí bhriathar phrasal nua a úsáid gach uair a labhraíonn tú Béarla.

Má tá do bhunstór focal fós á thógáil agat, tosaigh leis na focail is minice: An 100 focal is coitianta sa Bhéarla le fuaimniú. Is as na focail ghearra choitianta seo díreach a dhéantar briathra phrasal.

Conas a chabhraíonn Lingocard leat briathra phrasal a fhoghlaim?

Is aip chártaí splanc saor in aisce í Lingocard a iompaíonn na leideanna thuas ina ngnáthamh laethúil. Cuir gach briathar phrasal ar aghaidh cárta, agus a bhrí agus abairt shamplach ar a chúl. Is féidir gach cárta a léamh os ard, ionas go gcloiseann tú an frása in abairt nádúrtha, agus tugann an córas athdhéanta spásáilte gach cárta ar ais ag an am ceart. Le Premium, is féidir leat fiú liosta iomlán mar seo a iompú ina phaca le cliceáil amháin.

Agus tú ag taisteal, léann an seinnteoir fuaime san aip mhóibíleach Lingocard do chártaí os ard, ionas gur féidir leat briathra phrasal a athbhreithniú ar an mbealach chun na hoibre. Agus más plean iomlán do do chuid Béarla atá uait, taispeánann mo threoir ar conas Béarla a fhoghlaim go tapa conas gnáthamh laethúil a thógáil, agus is féidir leat Béarla a fhoghlaim ar líne le pacaí réamhdhéanta ar ardán Lingocard.